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Saint Berno of Cluny (French: ''Bernon'') or Berno of Baume (c. 850 – 13 January 927) was first abbot of Cluny from its foundation in 910 until he resigned in 925. He began the tradition of the Cluniac reforms which his successors spread across Europe. Berno was first a monk at St. Martin's Abbey, Autun, and then at Baume Abbey about 886. In 890, he founded the monastery of Gigny on his own estates, and others at Bourg-Dieu and Massay. In 910, William I of Aquitaine, founder of Cluny, nominated him abbot of the new foundation. Berno placed the monastery under the Benedictine rule (founded by Benedict of Nursia and reformed by Benedict of Aniane). He resigned as abbot in 925, his abbeys being divided between his relative Vido and his disciple Odo of Cluny. He is regarded as a saint, with his feast day on 13 January. ==Background== (詳細はSmith, Lucy Margaret. ''The early history of the monastery of Cluny'', Oxford University Press，1920 )〕 Many monasteries became like fiefdoms, passed on through the family. Viewed as simply part of the founder's possessions, they could be divided up in inheritance as well. Benedict's rule had provided that the Abbot should be chosen by the monks, but the feudal lord assumed that right. Monks regarded the abbot like a feudal chieftain, and upon his death felt free to leave.〔 Charlemagne became interested in monasticism because of the opportunities for learning and the preservation of books. He supported the institution, but from the perspective of culture and education. Louis the Pious, Charlemagne's son, commissioned St Benedict of Aniane to reform monasticism within the Carolingian empire, to bring it back to what Benedict of Nursia had originally intended. It was decided that the Rule of St Benedict would be enforced in all monasteries, and Benedict of Aniane was given the task of interpreting it and outlining how it should be practiced.〔 Viking raids of the 9th and 10th centuries left monasteries of Western Europe in great disorder. Buildings suffered destruction and communities had fled seeking safety. Abbeys that survived were often under the control of lay overlords who retained any revenues for themselves. Monks in many abbeys lived in poverty or left. Bishops meeting in 909 in the diocese of Soissons, received reports of lay abbots living in monasteries with their families, guards, and dogs.〔(Duckett, Eleanor Shipley. ''Death and Life in the Tenth Century'', University of Michigan Press, 1967, ISBN 9780472061723 )〕 It was in this context that Berno of Cluny lived. Berno was concerned with reforming of the monasteries in accordance with the original Rule of St Benedict. He was not the only person in his time who had this idea. Berno, and others like him who thought similarly, considered this reformation of monasticism to be one of the most important things that needed to be done in their time. This was because they imagined like the monastery was the only place in the world where people were safe from sin and would go to heaven, and those outside the monastery were almost all bound to hellfire. Furthermore, they saw the corruption within the church, including simony and the widespread holding of concubines by supposedly celibate priests as all part of the same problem of the absence of holiness in the church, and in their minds, the monastery founded under Benedict's rule was like a kind of centre of holiness in the church. However, if the monastery itself lost its rules and perverted them according to human desires, then not even the monastery was a place where people could be safely assured of getting to heaven any longer and the church was doomed likewise. Hence, these attempts by Berno and others to bring monasteries back to the Benedictine rule, in their eyes, was part of a mission of bringing the world to salvation. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Berno of Cluny」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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